depends on which variant. pretty sure the SE is Marlin based and the KE is klipper based.
It's possible you just aren't using a data cable and the cable you tried is power only charge cable?
EDIT: another possibility is the usb port you can connect to for serial communication is not exposed to the outside of the printer and inside on the main board directly might be additional connections.
I have the regular ender 3 v3 and the USB a port is used for thumb drives to load the code or power the web cam attachment no other plugs, other than power, anywhere on the machine
I have just received the Ender 3v3 Plus, there is also only a USB A port on the outside. On the inside the motherboard does have a USB Micro port but OctoPrint doesn't recognize that as anything so I guess there is no way to control it that way. Right now I've connected the printer to WiFi and using the Creality Print software (horrible UI btw) you can send your STL files directly to the printer.
by any chance did you SSH to the pi, or login locally, and see if anything came up in dmesg when you plugged in the printer? it's creality, so you surely would have to deal with backpowering,
...core xz, so likely crippled kliiper switchwire-like clone?
The Ender 3V3 runs on Creality-Klipper
The Ender 3V3 SE runs on Creality-Marlin
The Ender 3V3 KE runs on Creality-Klipper (Vergleich der V3-Serie)
The Ender 3V3 Plus runs on Creality-Klipper (Ender-3 V3 Plus)
Might be able to root it and install OctoPrint, but not sure how much trouble it would be (if octoprint_deploy isn't compatible) or if the hardware would be good enough to support running it.